Oseltamivir is an antiviral drug used in the treatment and prophylaxis of both influenza virus A and influenza virus B. It was approved for seasonal influenza by US Food and Drug Administration in 1999, and approval from Japanese agencies and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) followed soon afterwards. The pharmaceutical company Roche launched oseltamivir in the global market with Tamiflu […] Individuals with Down syndrome suffer from several health problems as a result of their condition. While these problems may only be mild in some individuals, others experience more severe health conditions and require special medical care and support. Some of the health problems often faced by individuals with Down syndrome are described below. Heart disorders Around half of all babies […] The respiratory system in humans is formed from an outfolding of the primitive gut in the fetus. This evagination appears in the first month, from the ventral side of the esophagus towards the cephalic end. It is pinched off completely by the growth of the tracheoesophageal folds on each side to meet in the center as the tracheoesophageal septum, except […] Hyperparathyroidism is a hormonal disorder caused by the parathyroid glands in the neck producing too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). The condition can be diagnosed based on the results of blood tests, X-rays and computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound scans. The gold standard for diagnosis is the parathyroid immunoassay, which is used to determine the patient’s PTH level. Once an increased […] Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that is usually caused by bacteria. Some of the bacteria that lead to this condition are described below. In newly born babies aged less than four months, the condition is mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, group A and B Streptococcus species andEnterobacter species. In children aged between 4 months and 4 years, the most common […] Night eating disorder, also known as night eating syndrome, is a condition where a person will tend to eat at least 25% of their daily calories after they have had their evening meal. The condition also results in disturbances in the person’s sleep pattern. A similar condition is sleep related eating disorder (SRED). The difference in the two is that […] DNA consists of two strands, that wind around each other. Each strand has repeating units of a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. There are several interactions present within a strand and between two strands that stabilize the DNA. Credit: spectral resolution/Shutterstock.com Covalent Bonds (intrastrand bonds) Each strand consists of the following: Base (Adenine, buy cheap pletal australia […] Oxygen is a vital element for human life, and lack of it leads to death in just a few minutes. A condition where the respiratory system fails in one or both of its gas exchange functions (oxygenation and elimination of carbon dioxide from mixed venous blood) is known as respiratory failure. One of the main indicators of such failure is […] Anemia more often than not may be diagnosed by clinical features alone. A simple blood test is usually enough to confirm the diagnosis of the condition. Diagnostic workup however is needed to ascertain the underlying cause of the anemia. (1-5) History and physical examination Diagnosis begins with a detailed history and physical examination. The physician enquires about dietary habits to […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease of the immune system. It affects multiple joints in the upper and well as the lower limbs. Knees are one of the common joints affected by RA. RA can occur at any age and can affect both knees. Pathology When RA affects the knee joint the synovium that lines the ends of the […]
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