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Two weeks after the World Health Organization (WHO) first reported the emergence of a concerning new variant of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) in South Africa, omicron has been identified in at least 57 countries and nearly two dozen U.S states, lipitor for sale uk with cases confirmed in Boulder County and traces showing up in the county’s wastewater, suggesting it may be circulating more broadly.

Why do we keep seeing new variants? What’s so concerning about this one? And what can we do to protect ourselves and our communities? We asked Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry Roy Parker, director of the BioFrontiers Institute, and Kristen Bjorkman, director of interdisciplinary research for the institute.

How many variants are there, and why do we only hear about a few?

Bjorkman: More than 1,500 genetically distinct lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have been identified, but the ones we typically hear about are the “variants of concern” (VOC). That means there are concerns the specific variant might increase transmissibility, cause more severe disease, reduce vaccine or therapeutic effectiveness or be difficult to detect with existing tests. There have been five variants of concern (alpha, beta, delta, gamma and omicron).

Where did omicron get its name?

Bjorkman: The WHO now names variants of concern with Greek letters, as tying them to geographic location is ethically inappropriate (potentially stigmatizing a region) and can end up being scientifically inaccurate. For instance: While omicron was first identified in a patient in South Africa in November, a sample collected in Nigeria in October and later sequenced turned out to be omicron. The Greek letters nu and xi were skipped to avoid confusion (“nu” sounds like “new”) and potential bias (“xi” is spelled the same as a common last name).

Why is omicron getting so much attention?

Bjorkman: It has a large number of mutations compared to other variants, and they are highly concentrated in the gene encoding the spike protein––the region necessary for binding to a human cell and causing infection, and the target of vaccines. That’s raised concerns that if antibodies can’t recognize the omicron spike, as well, it could cause more breakthrough cases in vaccinated or previously infected individuals.

If you’ve been vaccinated, or had COVID, are you protected against omicron?

Parker: We don’t know a lot about this yet. There is only a little bit of data, from laboratory studies in which they took antibodies from people who have been vaccinated and looked to see if they could block the virus in a dish. The preliminary results suggest omicron is less sensitive to prior antibodies.

However, there is more to you fighting an infection than just the antibodies circulating in your blood. There’s also your T-cell response and innate immune response. Because omicron has so many changes to the spike protein, it will likely escape vaccines to some extent. But based on the diversity of the immune response, it’s likely vaccines will still have some impact. A key issue to keep an eye on is how well vaccines and prior infections prevent severe disease from omicron infections.

Bjorkman: It’s important to note the greatest concern remains delta, with rising U.S. case rates still overwhelmingly due to delta. We know vaccinations are effective against delta.

Will a booster help to better protect you from omicron?

Bjorkman: Some new data suggests boosting helps. It is not just turning back time to get you where you were after your second dose. It is also tuning and broadening your immune response.

Some reports suggest omicron might be more transmissible but not making people very sick. Is this good news?

Parker: Again, this is still very early data. If it’s true, even if it results in higher breakthrough infections, a variant that outcompetes delta but rarely causes severe disease would be good news. COVID is not going away any time soon, but it wouldn’t be unexpected for it to ultimately move toward a manageable infection (like the common cold) as individuals build up immunity from vaccinations and prior infections.

What would you say to someone who argues there is no point in getting a vaccine if you can still get a breakthrough infection?

Bjorkman: There is a misperception among many people that vaccines are creating some kind of force field that prevents a virus from entering your body in the first place. In reality, there is no such thing as a “sterilizing vaccine.” It’s entirely possible to become infected with, say, measles but not know it because your immune system effectively combats it and you never develop symptoms. The same goes for COVID-19.

Parker: The most important issue is not whether the vaccine prevents infection. It is whether the vaccine prevents severe disease and death. We know that is the case with the vaccines when it comes to delta. We are all probably going to get some version of COVID eventually but hopefully will have enough prior immunity from infections or vaccines that we recover much like a common cold. What vaccines do is they allow you to survive that first encounter with COVID with a mild infection rather than a severe one.

How will we know if omicron is causing severe disease and/or if the vaccines are still effective at preventing severe disease with omicron?

Parker: The hospitalization rates and how they compare to the number of infected individuals will be a key factor to watch. If hospitalizations stay low for vaccinated individuals with omicron infections, that will suggest the vaccines are still protecting from severe disease.

How does a virus mutate, and is there anything we can do to prevent it?

Parker: During any infection inside any person, mutations arise in the production of new COVID viruses. Coupling the propensity to accumulate mutations with the very large number of human hosts in a pandemic, variants can rapidly arise.

Bjorkman: The longer you have a highly susceptible population, the more variants will likely arise, so if you want to help dampen this pandemic, get vaccinated and get a booster.

What’s your advice going into the holiday season, and is it different due to omicron?

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